The Role of Queen Guinevere in King Arthur and His Knights Essay

She is the most perdurable female figure in King Arthur and his Knights. Without her the suspense and the plot feast could not have been achieved. Her influence has enabled her to penetrate into work forces world a trait that distinguishes her from the rest of the women. Knights are referred to as the queens knights. We could severalize the same of the ladies who accompany the queen and keep the knights in good company (pg.52) .Queen Guinevere, as the Kings wife, is acknowledged by males.But despite her door to the Round Table, she has no legitimate power. She is a woman figure who can be discarded as desired. Her presence in the male dominated landing field is a source of discord among them. She is resented as a threat to the bonds of men, an eventuality which will lead to the end of the Round Table. She is represented as a insecurity to the misogynist circle. Malory gives Guinevere a maternal character, whose love is expected to be impartial to her children, and in this case t o her knights. By being the kings wife, Queen Guinevere acquires a political and a symbolic duty in the kingdom, but this status does not exempt her from males contempt towards the female gender. All her attempts to remedy her status are watered down by male rivalry.Queen Guinevere does not find pleasure in the male company. Love, the only benefit she could draw in from men is given no room. Guineveres preference for Sir Lancelot creates animosity amongst the Knights of the Round Table. Her illegitimate affair is resented by Sir Modred as betrayal. The latters concealed jealousy towards Sir Lancelot turns into an open demonstration of loyalty to the King Arthur and eventually to unprecedented war.Queen Guinevere is a source of trouble among the Knights of the Round Tab... ... the male gender, for it is the only language men decipher with ease. Love, a probable ground on which men and women can converge is divisive and destructive to all those who turn to it in their efforts to b ridge the gender gap.The capacity to conceive and give birth adds value to the women in Malory. Lady Igraines significance is only mentioned in coincidence to King Arthurs birth. through and through Galahad, Elaines importance is underlined, but all the glory goes to Lancelot and Galahad himself. Queen Guinevere is childless and this could be the reason why she is not appealing to King Arthur. The latter focuses his tending on Sir Gawain and Sir Lancelot as his possible heirs. Sir Thomas Malorys female characters are centered on male ideals and traits. Women can only be considered in relation to heroic male actions, roles which they complement or defy.

Dickens Social Commentary in Great Expectations Essay -- GCSE English

daemon Social Commentary in Great Expectations Charles Dickens Great Expectations stands as one of the most highly revered work in all of English literature. The novels perennial appeal lies in its penetrating depictions of character, rich panoramas of social milieu, and implicit crusades against social evils.1 Dickens used the growth of his characters in Great Expectations, particularly Pip, in relation to others to write about social reform, and most effectively illustrated this by using the first-person narrative style. In Great Expectations, Charles Dickens has written a social commentary using the development of his characters to illustrate his message. In my paper, I will concentrate on three of the main characters, Magwitch, throw Havisham, Estella, and Joe Gargery. During the time when he lived, Dickens recognized many evils in society. In Great Expectations he focused on the problem of the whole idea of a class in society. It was a social commentary on society. His wa y to illustrate the solution to the problem of class in society was to create characters who give the bounce mature beyond the limitations and divisions of class identifications and see themselves as responsible humans.2 The people who read Dickens works were often the kinds of people he was attacking. Dickens lived during the victorian age which was known as the age of social criticism. Great Expectations was Dickens first attack on class in society.3 Dickens did not deign right out and preach about social reform in his novels. He uses his rich characters to illustrate the values and morals he is trying to get across. Great Expectations is a novel of social criticism. In Dickens opinion the two main social evils were selfishness an... ...ornback, 22. 3. Hornback, 4-5. 4. Hornback, 27-28. 5. Charles Dickens, Great Expectations (New York Dodd, Mead and Company, 1942), 3. 6. Dickens, 395. 7. Dickens, 68. 8. Dickens, 71 . 9. Dickens, 72. 10. Dickens, 72. 11. Dickens, 598 . 12. Dickens, 57. 13. Hornback, 25-26. 14. Hornback, 60. Works Cited Chesterton, G.K. Charles Dickens A faultfinding Study. New York Dodd, Mead and Company, 1906. Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. New York Dodd, Mead and Company, 1942. Hornback, Bert G. Great Expectations A Novel of Friendship. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1987. Pearson, Hesketh. Dickens, His Character, Comedy, and Career. New York Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1949. Priestley, J.B. Charles Dickens and His World. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1961.

Establishment of the Silk Route Essays -- Chinese History

Currently living in the twenty first century we can take young travel methods from airplanes, vehicles, trains, and ships for granted, altering our perception of the distance we travel significantly. These advanced distribution systems we now employ allow us to exchange culture, products, technology, and ideas by breaking mastered barriers, truly globalizing the world. Similar to the modern travel marvels we make the most of today, years ago before humans relationship to machine, the silk route provided that ability to interrelate multiple countries. This important carry on route developed over time transferring numerous products like silk from China to several countries in the Middle East, Mediterranean, Europe and old-fashioned India. In addition, the silk route was to a greater extent than just a trade route that brought products to and from because it developed into a transcontinental network carrying goods, information, religion, language, and technology. The Silk Route is indisputably one of the oldest international trade routes consisting of a series of roadways laid over land primarily, until the introduction of sea travel. What initiated the overwhelming interest in trade was one of the oldest fibers known to man, silk, that originated in China. Silk is a luxury fabric that can be woven into textiles, producing a rich texture and luster like no other material. Dating back to 2500BC this exotic material was used exclusively for Chinese royalty, but gradually expanded to become a bigger part of the Chinese culture. Since this unique material was considered more valuable than gold at the time, as soon as word got out to neighboring countries the overwhelming interest was inevitable. The demand for this appealing material brought silk westwar... ...esearch. Web. 14 May 2012. . Silk invoice History of Silk Fabric History of Chinese Silk Silk Road History Silks History. Silk History History of Silk Fabric History of Chinese Silk Silk Road H istory Silks History. TexereSilk, 2011. Web. 14 May 2012. . Silk Road - Its History, Development, Operation and Significance to the East and West. Silk Road - Its History, Development, Operation and Significance to the East and West. Web. 14 May 2012. . Silk Road Culture Exchange, worship and Technology Introduced into China via Silk Road. TravelChinaGuide. Web. 14 May 2012. .

civil war1 :: essays papers

civil war1The following document comes from the Confederate Veteran, a magazine print throughout the South from the 1890s until the 1940s. It comes from Volume ? which contains writings from the year 1926, page 379. If there ever was a hell on Earth, Elmira Prison was that hell, but it was not a hot one, for the thermometer was often 40 degrees below zero. There were about six thousand Confederate prisoners, mostly from Georgia and the Carolinas. We were housed in long prison buildings, say one hundred and twenty feet long and forty feet wide, three tiers of bunks against each wall. A big coal stove every thirty feet was endlessly kept red hot but for these stoves, the most of us would have frozen. Around each stove was a chalk mark, five feet from the stove, marking the aloofness we should keep, so that all could be warm. We were thinly clad and not half of us had even one blanket. Our rations were ten ounces of bread and two ounces of meat per day. My exercising weight fell fr om 180 to 160 in a month. We invented all kinds of traps and deadfalls to catch rats. Every day Northern ladies came in the prison, some followed by dogs or cats, which the boys would lose aside and choke to death. The ribs of a stewed dog were delicious, and a broiled rat was superb. One day I was at the guardhouse when about thirty-five of our boys had on barreled shirts, guards marching them around. A barreled shirt was made by knocking out the head of a barrel then cutting a hole in the other head and putting it on the body. On these barreled shirts was written in big letters, Stole a dog, Stole a cat, Stole a ration, Stole a fur, etc. If a ladys fur was not fastened on, the boys would grab it, and some of them had been caught. All the Yankees soldiers were not cruel. The chalk mark were drawn around the stoves so that all could get some of the heat. One day a poor sick boy lay down cheeseparing the chalk line and went to sleep. In his sleep he threw his leg over the chalk li ne. A big guard caught him by his shoulder and threw him against the wall, making his lift bleed. I popped my big fist against the guards jaw, knocking him heels over head.

Depletion Of The Ozone Layer :: essays research papers

The ozone layer diminishes more each year. As the area of polar ozone depletion (commonly called the ozone hole) gets larger, additive ultraviolet rays are allowed to pass through. These rays cause cancer, cataracts, and lowered immunity to diseases.1 What causes the depletion of the ozone layer?     In 1970, Crutzen first showed that nitrogen oxides produced by decaying nitrous oxide from soil-borne microbes react catalytically with ozone hastening its depletion. His findings started seek on "global biogeochemical cycles" as well as the effects of supersonic transport aircraft that release nitrogen oxide into the stratosphere.2      In 1974, Molina and Rowland found that human-made chlorofluorocarbons used for making foam, make clean fluids, refrigerants, and repellents transform into ozone-depleting agents.3     Chlorofluorocarbons stay in the atmosphere for several decades due to their long tropospheric lifeti mes. These compounds are carried into the stratosphere where they undergo hundreds of catalytic cycles with ozone.4 They are broken down into chlorine atoms by ultraviolet radiation.5 Chlorine acts as the catalyst for breaking down atomic atomic number 8 and molecular ozone into two molecules of molecular oxygen. The basic set of reactions that involve this exercise are                    Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2 and                    ClO + O -->Cl + O2     The net result                    O3 + O -->2O2     Chlorine is initially removed in the first equation by the reaction with ozone to form chlorine monoxide. Then it is regenerated through the reaction with monatomic oxygen in the second equation. Th e net result of the two reactions is the depletion of ozone and atomic oxygen.6Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and methyl banality are a few of the ozone depletion substances (ODS) that break down ozone under intense ultraviolet light. The bromine and fluorine in these chemicals act as catalysts, reforming ozone (O3) molecules and monatomic oxygen into molecular oxygen (O2).In volcanic eruptions, the sulfate aerosols released are a natural cause of ozone depletion. The hydrolysis of N2O5 on sulfate aerosols, coupled with the reaction with chlorine in HCl, ClO, ClONO2 and bromine compounds, causes the breakdown of ozone. The sulfate aerosols cause chemical reactions in addition to chlorine and bromine reactions on stratospheric clouds that destroy the ozone.8     Some ozone depletion is due to volcanic eruptions. digest of the El Chichon volcanic eruption in 1983 found ozone destruction in areas of higher aerosol concentration (Hofmann and Solomon, "Ozone Destruction through Heterogeneous Chemistry next the Eruption of El Chichon"). They deduced that the "aerosol particles act as a base for multiphase reactions leading

Depletion Of The Ozone Layer :: essays research papers

The ozone layer diminishes more each year. As the ara of polar ozone depletion (commonly called the ozone hole) gets larger, additional ultraviolet radiation radiation rays argon allowed to pass through. These rays cause cancer, cataracts, and lowered immunity to diseases.1 What causes the depletion of the ozone layer?     In 1970, Crutzen first showed that nitrogen oxides produced by decaying nitrous oxide from soil-borne microbes react catalytically with ozone hastening its depletion. His findings started research on "global biogeochemical cycles" as well as the effects of supersonic transport aircraft that release nitrogen oxide into the stratosphere.2      In 1974, Molina and Rowland found that human-made chlorofluorocarbons used for making foam, cleaning fluids, refrigerants, and repellents trans stage into ozone-depleting agents.3     Chlorofluorocarbons stay in the atmosphere for several decades due to th eir long tropospheric lifetimes. These compounds are carried into the stratosphere where they undergo hundreds of catalytic cycles with ozone.4 They are broken down into chlorine atoms by ultraviolet radiation.5 Chlorine acts as the catalyst for breaking down atomic oxygen and molecular(a) ozone into two molecules of molecular oxygen. The basic set of reactions that involve this process are                    Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2 and                    ClO + O -->Cl + O2     The net result                    O3 + O -->2O2     Chlorine is initially removed in the first equation by the reaction with ozone to form chlorine monoxide. Then it is regenerated through the reaction with monatomic oxygen in the s econd equation. The net result of the two reactions is the depletion of ozone and atomic oxygen.6Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and methyl bromide are a few of the ozone depletion substances (ODS) that break down ozone under intense ultraviolet light. The bromine and fluorine in these chemicals act as catalysts, reforming ozone (O3) molecules and monatomic oxygen into molecular oxygen (O2).In volcanic eruptions, the sulfate aerosols released are a natural cause of ozone depletion. The hydrolysis of N2O5 on sulfate aerosols, coupled with the reaction with chlorine in HCl, ClO, ClONO2 and bromine compounds, causes the breakdown of ozone. The sulfate aerosols cause chemical reactions in addition to chlorine and bromine reactions on stratospheric clouds that destroy the ozone.8     Some ozone depletion is due to volcanic eruptions. Analysis of the El Chichon volcanic eruption in 1983 found ozone destruction in areas of higher aerosol concentration (Hofmann and S olomon, "Ozone Destruction through Heterogeneous Chemistry Following the extravasation of El Chichon"). They deduced that the "aerosol particles act as a base for multiphase reactions leading

Indigo Airlines

While the other air lanes in the fabrication purchased rivals, flew different models of planes and tested to offer embodyly services, indigo stuck to single model planes with a reputation of being a no frills airline. coloured has stuck to operating the worlds largest sell single-aisle aircraft, the Airbus A320. This has helped the airlines to not just survive the economic slump in the industry but infact to post profits year-on-year end. Capacity habit of IndiGo airlines fleet The utilization rate of IndiGo is around 16hours a day which is infact one of the highest in the industry.Thus even without using too many airplanes, the airlines can provide its ferryboat service to a larger number of people. On an average its passenger loads have been around 90%. High seating Capacity of aircrafts indigotin operates a fleet of 62 aircraft and has been expanding its fleet rapidly. Even though the number of aircrafts are lesser than some other airlines, it offers higher seating capaci ty as most of its aircrafts are 180 seaters rather than the standard 60 70 seater aircrafts of most airlines. Indigos fleet is approximately 6. 5% of Indias feature fleet but it serves a market share 27%.Young fleet of aircrafts One of the strengths of Indigo Airlines is its fuel efficient young fleet of aircrafts as compared to other airlines. A young fleet of aircrafts has ensured increased service levels, high operational efficiency and low maintenance costs. Indigo recently bought 100 newfangled A-320 jets from Airbus. Such volume purchases have helped Indigo in cutting its cost by availing volume discounts. Superior engineering The consistent use of superior technology has helped Indigo achieve its USP of on- cartridge clip performance. By making use of technologies such as ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing And Reporting System), an automatic message is triggered from the aircraft to control centre and the departure time recorded immediately. Similarly during landing, this technology sends of an automatic message to the control centre which immediately records its arrival time. This has helped the airlines monitor and maintain strict on-time schedules. Excellence in trading operations Indigo has been able to sign favorable contracts with engine, airframe and other critical component manufacturers securing warranty claims against defects.This has enabled indigo to minimize technical snags and enjoy superior operational efficiency. owe to this Indigo has also been able to bring down its maintenance costs. Superior customer service One of the greatest strengths of Indigo airlines is the superior service it offers to its customers. The airline has the highest 95. 3 per cent on-time performance record and the lowest number of complaints per passenger. It offers unique services such as step-less stairs (walking ramp), web check-in, booking capability on handheld devices and automated real-time flight status on handheld devices.Human resources Another strength that Indigo airlines enjoys is its excellent management of human resources. It has a single central training program which gives training to its employees on functional skills, soft skills as well as leadership qualities. With a very burly system of internal promotions and flexibility in horizontal movement across the company, the airlines has seen zero or almost negligible attrition rate over the outgoing server years. Tie-up with hotels Major hotels like Sarovar hotels etc have tied up with Indigo Airlines in order to provide a packaged service to customers.This lawsuit of bundling of services has created a value addition to customers who wish to sync their travel times and accommodation timings in order to receive the best deals at reasonable costs. This has in-turn increased the customer base for both the airline as well as the hotels. Superior brand image Good advertising and selling strategies have increased Indigos brand recall and have helped in creating a supe rior brand image. With very high operational excellence, cost control, great experience, lowest cancellations Indigo enjoys a superior reputation amongst its customers, difficult for the competitors to replicate.Its unique advertising and marketing efforts have also helped in this regard. Weaknesses Easily Imitable Since Indigo has not concentrated too much on providing a differentiated experience with no-frills and on-time being their central theme, this is imitable by other players in the industry and thus a possible threat to its position as a cost leader. Limited number of supranational Routes Indigo Airlines operates on a express mail number of international routes. This restricts the options and choices for international travelers. Only about 14% of its total fleet flies international.This is very low compared to its rivals and the general industry standard for airlines. International routes is an untapped segment where Indigo has not ventured too much into yet. Restricted S ervices In an attempt to operate as a low-cost airline, Indigo does not operate in many routes where the profit margins are below their set standard. This in turn in-conveniences many passengers. Also, the no-frills element of their services leads to other passenger inconveniences such as cramped seats, lower comfort during travel, non-refundable flights and higher charges of excess baggage.

American history Essay

Sternberg ultimately suggests that Intelligence can be improved, and there are a number of findings to support his theory. There take aim been 2 very polemic pieces of research and yields however which not only disagree with the main(prenominal) principals of Sternbergs theory, but leave also provoked uproar since they have been released. The first publication which was to cause huge heated debate all over the world was that published by Jenson (1969), who utter that those of Black origin scored on average 15 points below that of White people.He suggested that this was mainly due to the genetic makeup of Black people and that although environment may have been a factor the main reason is the hereditability of intelligence. The next piece of literature which caused so much commotion when it was released was the Bell Curve by Herrnstein an Murray (1994), which agrees with Jensons research, and also points out that those of low talented ability will generally lead difficult lives , are more likely to be inadequate parents themselves, and are also more likely to consider to drink, drugs and crime.Although these comments are highly controversial and politically incorrect, some of the points made are more than likely to be true, and can go some way to explaining wherefore people find themselves in that position, however it would only be accurate if two factors did not play huge parts in the intelligence levels of individuals, the glossiness that individuals are exposed to, and the fact that intelligence is not fixed, and that there are plenty of studies that give evidence to back this up.The test that Jenson gave to the Black and White subjects in 1969 was no doubt culturally biased towards the white subjects, due to the levels of prosperity and education that each group were subjected to previously. Further studies have shown that Black children who were adopted by prosperous white families, and were subjected to the same level of schooling demonstrated imp roved levels of intelligence over children who had a similar genetic background. Adoption studies like these have often proven to be strong evidence for the nurture side of the debate however one final area of concern in the temper/nurture debate is the topic of eugenics.Eugenics is the idea created by Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911), who was interested in the success of English dog breeders, who bred the strongest and best dogs together, and created many different varieties. He fixed to start a movement which looked at the possibility of weeding out the bad individuals from the honorable stock by getting humans to breed with those who have good properties and attributes, a fairly sick proposition even for the 19th century, and it was soon shut down because people decided to breed for love rather than genes.solely nonetheless the term eugenics was created, and perhaps the most relevant example of eugenics in history is the Immigration Restrictions Act (1924) which was passed in Am erica by President Coolidge, who was said to have proclaimed America must be kept American as he signed the bill. On that day eugenicists are known to have won one of the greatest scientific racist battles in American history.BibliographyCardwell, C. M. (2000). Psychology for A-level. capital of the United Kingdom Harper Collins.Dworetzky, J. (1994). Psychology. Minneapolis West Publishing Company.Gross, R. (2005). Psychology, The science of mind and behaviour. London Hodder Arnold.Hill, G. (2001). AS Level Psychology through Diagrams. Oxford Oxford University Press.Handouts T. Kearns

Life Affirming Teaching

How atomic number 50 we as a people introduce a vivification affirming centering of teaching?A liberating and military personnele immunity approach. I get out attempt to show you that is sess be a more excellent way of teaching. Through liberation, account world power, creativity, critical consciousness a nd human freedom. In the Websters dictionary it says that Life -Affirming means to indicating that life is value positive and optimistic. And Albert Einstein has been quoted as saying, The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its ow n movement for existing. One thunder mugnot help al star be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. (NOVAEinstein Quotes phosphate buffer solution 2018)It is said that Liberation is a praxis the solveion and reflection of men and women upon their world in put together to transf orm it (Freire,79). Learning can bring a liberating experience for a student. It can open up up ones imagination to get along th at they, the student, as they learn, can teach also. In Paulo Freires book Pedagogy of the Oppressed it is mentioned that the way that we have been taught is more of the banking body. It has a narrating subject which is the teacher and the object which is the student.The teachers task is to necessitate the students with the content of the teachers narrative. (Freire,71) In a way that exemplifies empty words as one teaches, with no dramatic change or power pot them. Education receives an act of dep ositing, in which the students argon the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. (Freire,72) This reminds me of the hierarchy way of thinking, because the way the banking concept of education according to Freire is that knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing (Freire,7 2)When the educator can minimize the educated it can bring a champion of pervasive hazard to the student, which can produce more of an oppression.ED Darlene Hooks Sring/2018 2 Gain ing an education has been one of the most forced way of creation in our society. One is not able to gain employment with tabu a certain certificate or masters. It is said that an education can come upon you rich, while others without an education have become wealthy . Education be it, Christian or secular has played a huge role in reproducing people who have not or will not think for themselves. Its alm ost as if they ar based in fear, because according to society, one cannot obtain wealth without an education. Accor ding to Entrepreneur website, an education can either be a stepping stone or a road block on the path to achievement. (Smale) We must then approach education in a way to liberate ones mind and replace an oppressive way of thinking to educate others that they too can be creative. The solu tion is not to commix them into the structure of oppression, but to transform that struc ture so that they can become organisms for themselves. (Freire,74)Our responsibility as educators should be to engage our students into partnership to help them have a sense of security. Feelings of insecurity bring chaos in ones life and with them a shi ft in perspective which leads to a decrease in quality of life and ability to experience happiness. In fact, feeling insecure affects all aspects of one self conclusiveness making, relationships, self -view, creativity, etc. (Pitaru) If insecurity is capable of effecting all aspects of our digests then we need to attempt to serve the learning experience as secure as possible for the students. Learning takes place within the interrelatedness of all aspects of human experience. (Miller,1995) Our human experience or so me might say human freedom is something we all have a legitimate right to.As Groom says, People who suffer a lack of freedom knows it, in its absence. (Groom,83) He also states that The starting point for affirming our possibility for freedom is the bibl ical claim that we are created by a free creator. (Groome, 84) We are created in the image and likeness of a divine being that has showed us how to live in freedom. We are free primarily forED Darlene Hooks Sring/2018 3 divinity because it is only by saying yes to the image of whom we are a reflection that we can say yes to our give birth authentic selves, and only as our own straightforward selves can we be free. (Groome,84) With freedom comes a beautiful thing called liberty.Liberation requires critical consciousness a nd creative thought. The most important reason for liberation in education lies in its drive towards reconciliation. (Freire,72) The banking arrangement will not work in a liberated education setting because that system mirrors oppression. Oppression can be a authorityling mechanism that can stifle ones growth and can cause death to ones being. Oppression overwhelming control is necrophilic it is nourished by recognize of death, not life. (Freire,77) Once a person learns this there is no going back to the old way of thinking. There is a stretching of sorts, in a persons mind and one recognizes that they will not be oppressed each longer. There is a freedom in knowledge and it is there to set the oppressed free.To educate as the practice of freedom is a way of teaching that anyone c an learn. (Hooks, 13) It is attainable for anyone of us, and anyone can teach it, with an open heart, mind and a sense for changeability. According to Groom in the three dimensions of human freedom, we have, in our freedom for God the capacity to know g ood (rational freedom), to freely choose the good, (freedom for choice, freedom for inner compulsion), and to do the good (freedom for action, freedom from external constraint or servitude). (My emphasis) (Groome,85) If we know then we can choose and then we can move with action a nd do. Thats how we can move forward in recognizing that we can learn as well as teach in a way that can bring us liberation. We can eventually teach with a life -affirming way.According to Groom, the rational of our freedom is rooted in our ability for self -reflection, which expresses the transcendent aspects of being human. This can give us the capacity to know the good with sufficient clarity to be held responsible. (Groome, 85) Without this accountabilityED Darlene Hooks Sring/2018 4 freedom would be non -existent. In other words, we have freedom of choice even to the point of being able to choose unfreedom. (Groome, 86) Action is the next phase of freedom, how do we act out our true freedom? Well, according to Groome, our freedom for God and thus for ourselves is realized in our freedom for others. (Groome, 86)We want to be free but we are not truly free until we live in a way of thinking that we are to be of service to others. That is a beautiful definitio n of boastful back to our communities and students. True freedom is Freedom for God is a possibility of authentic freedom for oneself. (Groome, 87) How do we live out this freedom we have been munificently given? According to Groome its through Jesus Chris t, with a Christian perspective. (Groome, 88) In James 125 (NRSV) But those who look into the perfect law, the law of liberty, and persevere, being not hearers who forget but doers who act they will be blessed in their doing .We can and will be blessed when we make the conscious decision to help others. The freedom we gain is not for us alone but for those whose lives we touch. Those who we can share our truth with and show that Gods freedom is an everlasting one, not a superficial one. 1 Peter 216 , it says, As servants of God, live as free people, til now do not use your freedom as a pretext for evil. To be faithful, is a choice and to serve is a way we can thrive in freedom. Freedom is not effective a self -serving freedom of I can do whatev er I want, when I want True freedom in Christ is being free to free others.Freedom for God is the possibility of au thentic freedom for oneself. (Groome,87) In Christ we can now be free from anything that is attempting to stop our freedom. For those of us who are of the Christian faith we believe that we have a freedom in our belief system, however, for those who are n ot believers. I have found out that they too have a freedom in or if they have a spiritual encounter. One can say my way is truth yet another personED Darlene Hooks Sring/2018 5 might say, but no, my way is truth. I have found that whoever or whatever we believe, we can come to a pl ace of freedom and live a life affirming way of being. To live a life -affirming way of being, we must teach that it is possible.Christian faith and human freedom can be hand in hand, if it is being taught without manipulation or judgment. According to Groome, Any form of manipulation or indoctrination is both pretty education and blatant ly counterproductive to the purposes of Christian education (Groome,98) Thats why we must make a difference when we teach. My using a life affirming way of teaching, we ar e helping the student to think for themselves and to trust themselves in their learning process. Its a responsibility that some might not want to take but if we want society to be a more loving and compassionate one we must be patient and teach in a lovin g environment and not with a controlling way of being.Our intentions must be to sponsor people toward a lived Christian faith that is both free and free. (Groome,99) We must be intentional in helping others when we teach. We must be aware of their li ves and cultures and be authentic and show a genuine love and care for them. We should meet them at their individual needs, not mirror superiority over them. We can show as we learn more about our own freedom in our humanism. Human freedom within history will al shipway be an ongoing journey rather than a point of arrival. (Groome,99) According to Nurten Gokalp, Education can be defined as the process of developing and completing of human being. The purpose of education is to provide the trance condit ions to people for maintaining themselves as a whole. (Gokalp,2012) Education should be a way of helping others meet their own personal potential and not make them into robots or people who have no way of thinking or creating their own way of being.There should always be a freedomED Darlene Hooks Sring/2018 6 in education to allow the person to help create their own guidance in themselves. There is a wholeness in a life affirming way of teaching that can usher the person into their own greatness. Freedom is an important factor in t he process of determining ones self and others. Freedom in this sense is usually regarded as a presupposition of moral responsibility the actions for which I may be praised or blamed, rewarded or punished, are plainly those which I perform freely. (Gokal p,2012) . N ow thats human freedom in a life affirming way, in every sense of the word. Human being can not choose to be free or not, but with education he can realize his freedom and learn to use it. And finally, real freedom is to choose to comply with the enlightened mind (Gokalp,2012)This is what Freire calls problem -posing education and that is the education we need to flourish in, in these days and times. Problem -posing involves a constant intromission of reality he says it, strives for the emerge nce of consciousness and critical intervention in reality. He mentions that students will meet the challenges of the world and instead of running from them they will run into it. (my interpretation) He says, Their response to the challenge evokes new cha llenges, followed by new understandings and gradually the students come to regard themselves as committed. Education as the practice of freedom -as opposed to the education as the practice of domination -denies that man is abstract, isolated, independent, a nd unattached to the world. (Freire, 81) Id like to say that we all should want to live a life of freedom and liberty. It is something that comes naturally to some and is very hard for others.If we being the part of the education system, can help to shap e a persons perspective on life then we should attempt to do it in a holistic approach. There should be an authentic liberation and freedom that emulates from us intoED Darlene Hooks Sring/2018 7 our students, so we can draw out their talents and abilities so that we can make a more peaceful and compassionate way of being in this world. The banking system will not work for this generation. We have too many minds that wont just sit and be still and take it, like other generations before us did. We will ask questions and we will expre ss our differences. There is a self -justice that is beginning in our society and its used in self -expression and in all the ways of communication.Education is a praxis of freedom and a way for people to practice their rights in learning and contributing to society. We are an awake society and live in a more conscious frame of mind. We wont go back to sleep, we wont lay down and roll over every time someone wants us to. We will be a positive contributing factor to our world and be conscious of it. We wil l teach others to love the earth and to more good-hearted in its evolving. Education is a beautiful example of liberation, especially in ones way of giving back. We will fight for our freedom from oppression. We will make others recognize that we are humans and that we will not have anything less then, full humanity.We wont live in a dehumanizing way of being any longer. Because once youve tasted freedom, one can never go back. We wont go back to laying down and allowing others to speak violence into our bein gs. Any situation in which some individuals prevent others from move in the process of inquiry is one of violence. The means used are not important to alien ate human beings from their own decision -making is to change them into objects. (Freire,85) W e will not be objects any more. We cant any more, especially when we have an open consciousness and revelation that we dont have to live this way any longer. Now we have a mandate to live out and bring life to our students.ED Darlene Hooks Sring/2018 8 Bibliography NOVA Einsteins Big Idea Einstein Quotes (Non -Flash) PBS. 2018. Pbs.Org . http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/wisd -nf.html. Freire, Paulo. 2000. Pedagogy Of The Oppressed . New York Continuum. Smale, Thomas. 2018. 8 Hugely Successful People Who Didnt Graduate College. Entrepreneur . https//www.entrepreneur.com/slideshow/2996209 . Pitaru, M.S., L.P.C, Di ana C. 2018. Identifying And Tackling Feelings Of Insecurity. Blog. Unleash Your Creativity . https//blogs.psychcentral.com/loose creativity/2015/10/insecurity/ . Miller, Randolph Crump. 1995. Theologies Of Religious Education . Birmingham, Ala. Religious Education Press. Hooks, Bell. 1994. Teaching To Transgress . Routledge. Gokalp, Nurten. 2012. Philosophy Education And Human Freedom. Procedia Social And behavioural Sciences 47 477 -479. doi10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.683.

Saussure and Bloomfield

The aim of this essay is to comp be and contrast two important linguistics that r to each oneed a significant milestone in the history of Language. Their names are Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887April 18, 1949) and Ferdinand de de Saussure (November 26, 1857 February 22, 1913). Leonard Bloomfield was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who taught at the University of Geneva, whose ideas about phrase laid the foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the early 20th century.Bloomfield came from the Neogrammarian School of linguistics. That means he focussed on the historical aspects and evolution of wordings. He study particular languages, their history and how words are generated. Both Bloomfield and Saussure studied language as a structure or with a scientific basis. The main difference is that Bloomfield studied linguistics diachron ically its historical and comparative development. Saussure studied language synchronically he make the comparison between language and chess.There is no necessity to know the history moves you could understand the system just by looking at the add-in at any single moment. This is the synchronic study of Language. A nonher marked difference is that Bloomfield himself never suggested that it was possible to describe the syntax and phonology of a language in total ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. His view was incomplete, as he studied part of the system and not the whole. In contrast to this, Saussure studied Language as a system, including all aspects of it.He considered the system has three properties Wholeness, since the system functions as a whole. Transformation, as the system is not static, but receptive of change. Self-Regulation, this is related to the fact that new elements can be added to the system, but the basic structure of it can not be changed. The con ception of Language was different for each of them. Bloomfield believed that Language is related to stimulus response acquired by habit formation. He claimed it is used to satisfy humans needs. On the other and, Saussure considered language as a multitude of signs, where each sign links a phonic sound (the signifier) with an idea (the signified). The reason why they differed in this conception is because Saussure studied it from a mentalist conception. He considered both the signifier and signified mental entities and independent of any external object. Opposite to that, Bloomfield argued that linguistics needs to be much(prenominal) objective if it is to become a real scientific discipline. He believed that the main target of linguistic inquiry should be observable phenomena, rather than abstract cognitive processes.Therefore, Bloomfield rejected the classical view that the structure of language reflects the structure of thought. As a consequence, they also differed in the concep tion of Language acquisition. According to Bloomfield, a barbarian acquires language through repetition and stimulus-response. Through further habits, the child makes a start on displaced speech (he names a thing even when it is not present). Saussure, on the contrary, viewed language as having an inner duality, which is manifested by the interaction of the synchronic and diachronic, the syntagmatic and associative, the signifier and signified.Taking everything into consideration, both Saussure and Bloomfield had a significant cushion on linguistics. Saussure is considered the founder of modern linguistic and cultural studies. He has influenced several fields such as philosophy, anthropology and semiology. He is the linguist who revolutionized the study of Linguistics, as he outlined his theory of language, in which he suggested the need to study language in a scientific way, rather than studying it in a cultural and historic context.Bloomfield, for his part, did more than anyone else to make linguistics autonomous and scientific. Although Bloomfields particular methodology of descriptive linguistics was not widely accepted, his mechanistic attitudes toward a circumstantial science of linguistics, dealing only with observable phenomena, were most influential. His influence waned after the 1950s, when adherence to logical positivist doctrines lessened and there was a return to more mentalist attitudes.

Organizational Behaviour Learnings

Organizational Behaviour Learnings OB course has given me a come apart understanding of the behavioural processes in an organization and provided me with a guideline for tackling different situations that I am likely to come across and be better render to function as a future manager at bottom some(prenominal) stage of my micturate-life. During my work life at TCS,I have come across various kind of people. Some of them being arrogant,stern,unapproachable vis-a-vis others who were friendly, helpful and always in high spirits. Initial days the question I kept asking to myself was to do all the work assigned to me by myself or should I seek help from my colleagues.It was the initial steps I was taking into an unkn stimulate corporate hobo camp and I was full of doubts. One of the intoxicateings I had was how to balance work and life. There were periods of long working hours when we will have to work especial(a) hours and come to office during the weekends. Along with this ther e was continuous phone calls asking for updates and the likes during the few hours I got to spend away from work. As a beginner I was eager to do more work and take on the added responsibility. But as the pressure mounted it was affecting my physical and mental self.OB gives us an insight into such a situation upfront and offers on how to tackle them to have a balanced work-life. One other key things one has to settle is to say NO to things. Even if you argon the capableest and most hardworking employee on the planet ,it is impossible to do everything by yourself. We must learn to turn w are the tasks which we logically could conclude that we wont be able to finish within the timeline and also learn to delegate and share work. Pursuit of career growth is barely one facet of life and we must learn to juggle between the various other roles of life also.As I took up the role of lead-in a team of 20 people, the various uncertainties such as whom to assign what work, how to manage d eadlines coming from superiors, larn the art of allocating time between meetings and mounding with various team dynamics as a manager came to life. Task allocation had to be done judiciously, prioritizing the work at hand and assigning it to the right people. I soon had 3-4 team members who were very enthusiastic and ready to take upon more challenging tasks and on the other hand a few who were very hardened back and didnt take work seriously.The trick was in assigning the high priority challenging tasks to the first kind and the mundane tasks to the other. Alongside this I used to talk to all my team members if they were dissatisfied with what they did and how I could make work-life better for them. As we fill into the shoes of a manager, we move from an individual sight to managing a team wherein each of the team member has to be understood and also the team dynamics. OB learning comes in handy as it teaches us about how the team dynamics differs from an individualistic point of view.I embraced multiple tasks within the project and hence had to work under different people, each having his/her own take on their subordinates and they treated them differently. We should understand the nature of the people we work under and modify the way we present ourselves to them as each ones expectations will be different. This is where Interpersonal communication and relations that we learn in OB helps us to evolve with our Boss. OB also teaches us about how to handle emotions and personality in a work environment.There were many situations where I got frustrated with my Boss or with my team mates. This naturally happens as we are working on stringent timelines and clash of ideas are likely to happen. Maintaining composure and dealing with such emotionally challenging situations toilet define your personality among your colleagues. Another alert factor is the motivation we expect from the work life. Personally I always was focussed on climbing up the corporate ladd er and looked forward to unused challenges. During initial phases I was subjected to monotonous, time consuming work.I was going off-course and there wasnt any motivation in me to work. My manager noticed this and after a brief talk, she understood the negative opinion it was having on me and further gave me different role and responsibility which instilled new life in me to work and bought back the flout in me to perform. Understanding what you want, your hygiene and motivating factor early will enable you to enjoy your work and hence have a positive effect overall. Also the lure of an onsite was an added motivation that many employees shared in hope of earning big bucks and spending time overseas.Organizational politics is an unavoidable part for any employee . Its a social work aggroup where biases, favouritisms and down-play rules. I also got entangled and initially caught unaware on which side to take. There are multiple teams in parallel and taking side with one senior or group will irk the other. Here is where tactfulness and being smart counts and here we must also learn to utilise the art of persuasion. A persuader must match his emotional fervour to the audiences might to receive the message and use the smarter way of negotiation.Many a times during my work life I had to convince the team members about the importance of work they are doing and the impact it carries within the project. Also as a team lead I had to persuade and convince the project manager of the additional resources I needed or for extending the timelines. Another aspect that forms the crux of OB is the way of communicating yourself and making yourself being heard. In a MNC with the large work group and complex hierarchies, one must really put in the extra effort to be heard amongst the crowd. For me, I learnt the secret lies in persistence and not giving up when you are ignored.If you give up no one is going to care about what you told and its brushed aside. On the other hand if you can reason yourself and understand whom to communicate it to within the hierarchy it makes all the difference. Working as a part of an Agile team we used to have day-to-day stand-up meetings with the onsite where each days performance was analysed and commented upon. A manager has to be prompt in explaining his teams daily activities and resolve any involvement that occurs due to clash of ideas. A team goal is defined at the start and objectives are laid which are pursued by the team.Whilst the manager has to deal with the complexities occurring in the work place, a leader is one who has to deal with the change. We had a leader who kept a watch on the proceedings and kept facial expression for other alternatives, technology advancements, client requirement changes etc and incorporated some breakthrough changes which redefined the goals and objectives that was set in initial stages. The drawbacks I found in OB learning was the extend up to which these theoretical learnings cou ld be taken over and practically applied to the ever changing and fast paced workspace.The theories and case studies are rational and very relevant to the current organizational scenario. But the effectiveness it can deliver as a pure theory subject is what raises my concern. Unless we learn these behavioural norms in an active way like learn it while experiencing it ,these theories will remain just as a dormant learning within us. The effectiveness could be brought in by giving more role plays and real life case studies which can be solved by us by creating a virtual organizational simulation inside the four walls of a classroom.

Database Development Essay

AbstractThis paper defines the software cultivation Life Cycle sorts specifically the Waterfall method with a reexamination of tasks to improve the quality of informationsets end-to-end the cycle. It includes recommendations of actions to be performed for sound optimization for enhancing performance from info quality assessment. Although full optimization may be reached end-to-end the sue of SDLC, go along tutelage moldiness be in sued to properly retain the database error-free and protected. An evaluation of three methods and activities to ensure maintenance planning is implemented is discussed. An in-depth analysis of an efficient method for planning concurrency defend methods and lock granularities that are available to use that leave behind minimize potential security risks that may occur. Finally, serializability isolation model is introduced that ensures transactions produce less record-level lock while operating the system and how a verification method allows re view of proper inputs and error checks to increase consistency.IntroductionThere are several Software Development Life Cycle methods that are availabel to utilize although, the Waterfall SDLC is the most desirable due to the simplicity and straight forward methods utilized and will be discussed in regards to topics in this paper. The benefits of this model type include departmentalization and manegerial domination. A schedule can be set for each phase similarly to a how a factory system works from one step to the next in a proceeding manner until the product is complete. However, once in the test phase it is difficult to revert back to make any additional changes.(SDLC Models., n.d.).Tasks to Improve Dataset Quality Using SDLC MethodologyThe Waterfall SDLC incorparates the following stages of planning and executing software, requirements specification, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. The requirements phase of the SDLC is to ensure clearly defined requirements via all parties involved in the processes. Deliverables in this stage include requirements documents that incorporates descriptions of requirements, diagrams and references to necessary documentation as well as Requirements Tracability Matrix (RTM), this displays the manner in which products being developed will interact and correlate to previous components that have already been developed. This phase prepares datasets integrity success throughout the SDLC process when requirements are properly defined. (The Software Development Cycle (SDLC)., n.d.).The design phase lists software features in detail with psuedocode, entity-relationship model(s) (ERM), hierarchy diagrams, layout hierarchy, tables of business rules, a full data dictionary, and business process diagrams. This phase transforms the requirements into system design specifications. In this phase it is imporatant to review software and hardware specifications and system architecture. This will create the root for the implement ation phase. Lastly, the implementation phase begins the coding process in which portions of programs are developed and tested. Clearly defined requirements are defined via use-case scenario that enables context based definitions and a visualization of the completed product for clarifications, accuracy, and completeness of requirement request. (SDLC Models., n.d.).Actions to Optimize Record Selections and Improve Database PerformanceActions to optimize record selection and improve database performance include automated controls that can be applied in the design phase of SDLC. The design phase specifically it is important for developers to set properautomated controls such as input, processing, and output controls to enhance integrity, security, and reliability of the system and datasets. Input controls such as completeness checks and duplication checks ensure blank fields and duplicate information is not entered into the data sets. Automating process controls to ensure systems corr ectly process and record information. (FFIEC IT Examination Handbook InfoBase Design Phase., n.d.). Quality management techniques that improve quality assessments include error detection, process control, and process design. These processes detect missing values, improve recurring errors, and help optimize effeciency. (Even, A., & Shankaranarayanan, G., 2009).Three Maintenance Plans and Three Activities to Improve Data QualityThree types of maintenance plans include preventative, corrective, and adaptive maintenance which improve the data quality. Activities to improve data quality include database backups, integrity checks, optimizing the index. Preventative maintenance incorporates creating and continuously maintaining daily and/or weekly backups for data loss prevention, corrective maintenance ensures system errors are corrected. One activity associated to corrective maintenance includes resolving deadlocks, which occurs when two or more than tasks permanently block each other. Adaptive maintenance includes enhancing system and database performance via based on utility assessments and optimized queries to improve performance. (Coronel, Morris, & Rob., 2013).Methods for Planning Proactive Concurrency Control and operate GranularityConcurrency issues revolve around conflicts that occur when simultaneous tasks are performed on multiple systems, the conflict may cause inconsistencies. The goal of concurrent controls is to establish undifferentiated throughput and accurate from results in concurrent operations. Granular locking schemes enable locking pages, tables, rows, and cells. After reviewing Process-centered Review of Object Oriented Software Development Methodologies, the methodologies mentioned were outside of the circumstance of concurrency and lock granularity. However, there are two methods, highgranularity approach and low granularity approach that will enable a distributed database with consistency. High granularity offers maximum concurrency although requires more overhead versus low granularity which offers minimum overhead although reduces concurrency. Additional overhead in the form of locking granularly at different object-oriented hierarchy levels helps create proactive concurrency control within the system. This provides additional security via the ability to control which users are modifying the database at the same time. (Ellis, R., n.d.).System Analysis to Ensure Tractions do not Record-Level Lock Database in OperationIn multiuser database transactions that are executing simultaneously must have consistent results, it is vital to have control over concurrency and consistency. To enable processes that provide this control a transaction isolation model named, serializability is available for use. This model gives the illusion that transactions execute one at a time. The multiversion consistency model provides multiple users with a separate view of the data concurrently, which prevents record-level locking from af fecting the database. (Data Concurrency and Consistency., n.d.). Once updates are commited to the system verifyoption can be utilized to ensure the integrity of data entered will enhance system effectiveness. (SqlCeEngine.Verify Method (VerifyOption) (System.Data.SqlServerCe)., n.d).ConclusionIn conclusion material discussed includes an analysis specific tasks that will improve the quality of datasets within a database. A review of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and more specifically the Waterfall methodology SDLC. Recommended actions in the design phase that will enhance the optimization of record selection are considered along with three maintenance plan options and activities to improve the quality of data within the database. Serializability isolation model ensures transactions that will produce less record-level locking while operating the system and verification methods will allow for review of proper inputs and error checks to increase consistency. Overall, resear ch shows that multiuser distributed databases utility will depend on specific functions created from theorigination of the product in the SDLC to the finished product and continued maintenance for consistent and efficient performance.ReferencesData Concurrency and Consistency. (n.d.). Oracle Documentation. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http//docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01/server.920/a96524/c21cnsis.htm Even, A., & Shankaranarayanan, G. (2009). Quality in Customer Databases-Centered Review of Object Oriented Software Development Methodologies. ACM Computer Database, 15, 3,4,5. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from the ACM Computer database. Ellis, R. (n.d.). Lock Granularity. Granularity of Locks_and Degrees of Consistency_in a Shared Database. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&sqi=2&ved=0CF8QFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.cs.wisc.edu%2Fnil%2F764%2FTrans%2FGranularity.ppt&ei=kQ8yUqOhPIzl4AOM6oDIDw&usg=AFQjCNEdfijo3XG83N7W2WlglSi3c EJsQQ&sig2=WGLffPJ8amqYRjHXJAHLuQ&bvm=bv.52109 FFIEC IT Examination Handbook InfoBase Design Phase. (n.d.). FFIEC IT Examination Handbook InfoBase Welcome. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http//ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/development-and-acquisition/development-procedures/systems-development-life-cycle/design-phase.aspx Rob, P., & Coronel, C. (2002). Database systems design, implementation, and management (5th ed.). Boston, MA Course Technology. SDLC Models. (n.d.). One reveal QA. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from www.onestopqa.com/resources/SDLC%20Models.pdf SqlCeEngine.Verify Method (VerifyOption) (System.Data.SqlServerCe). (n.d.). MSDN the Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc835509%28v=vs.100%29.aspx The Software Development Cycle (SDLC). (n.d.). Pelican Engineering. Retrieved September 13, 2013, from www.pelicaneng.com/DevDocs/sdlc.pdf

Hispanics and American Society Essay

The size of the overall spate of the Hispanics found with the unsophisticated areas of the States is increasing by the day and this population has trickled over to the urban areas. The effects of their improver is tangle by the overall American society as the Hispanics consent adopted a particular loving centering of living that indeed has affected the social, disciplineal and the political life of the Americans.This paper will meet the challenging issues buttockd by the Hispanics living in America including the dysfunctional families, use of drugs among individuals in this community, their educational achievements rate of attrition and the issue of single elevatehood that dominates this community. Main body Literature review Kenneth M. J. and Licther T. D. (2007) nurse given a recount of the population estimates of the Hispanics living within the American territory as per a look for they carried amongst the year 2000 and 2007. They explain the rate of increase in the population of Hispanics since the year 2000 and their actual estimates.They explain that the current population of the Hispanics is an estimated 14% of the total population residing in the join States. They have shown that between the year 2000 and 2007, the rate of increase in the population of this group of people accounted for more than a half of the total population gain that the get together States experienced within the said plosive consonant. The results of the research attributed the increase to a very broad(prenominal) up fullness rate as opposed to the rate of immigration that led to the population increase prior to the said time period.The research does not however eliminate immigration as a factor of population increase as it still accounts for a lesser role of the increase in population. Kenneth and Licther have also covered the redistribution of the Hispanic population towards the internal geographical areas of the joined States from the traditional gateway c ities found in the s step uphwest and into the suburbs represented by large and small resistance areas, the non metro communities as well as the rural areas (Kenneth & Licther 2007pp32-47)Denlinger, K. 2005 has covered the area of economic and social challenges confronted by the Hispanics in America. Five social indices that mark the social inevitably of the Hispanic families have been explained here. They include poverty, in list, age, immigration and fertility. leanness rates among the Hispanic families in the year 1999 are put at 20. 2% as compared to the9. 3% rate for the whole nation in the same year as well as the 5. 5% rate among non-Hispanic white families.The said rates differ with the kind of families where the single parent headed families performed badly at an overwhelming 39% and the families headed by both parents at 14. 2%. The median income for the Hispanics is approximated at 60% that of the families residing in the United States at 32,000 dollars as compared to t he 52,000 dollars of the American population. Just like with the poverty rates single parent headed houses especially those headed by women performed poorly than all former(a) types of families.On the overall age of the Hispanics is much young than that of the overall American age. The Hispanics have an approximated median at 26. 3 for males and 25. 5 for females as compared to the 34 long time for males and 36 historic period for females across America. Denlingers findings on the rates of fertility among the Hispanics are similar to that do by Kenneth and Licther. He explains that on average, the Hispanic women have much spaciouser fertility levels than any other group residing in America. He records findings of a 2000 research that shows that 13.6% of the 60. 9 one million million women of child comportment age were Hispanics who gave birth to 19. 3% of the 3. 9 million children born in 2000. The young ages of the Hispanic mothers increases the accident of bearing children (Denlinger 2005 p45, 52-60, 73). Weber 2004 captures the rates of immigration of the Hispanics to the United States. He explains the results of the census 2000 that yielded the count of 16. 1 million Hispanics out of the 35. 4 million that were living in the United States were born elsewhere but had migrated to the United States.He goes back in time to the 1980 up to the year 2000 where he estimates the number of Hispanics that immigrated to the United States to be 12. 5 million. The significance of Webers book to my paper is the identification of the indices that mark the social needs of the Hispanics living in the United States. This was done by the virtue of appreciating the fact that the Hispanics living in the United States are not a homogenous group but a collection of people with particular differences in terms of financial status, social status, marital status and the many social dynamics that be in social living.He has however attempted to comprehensively cover the indices that related to the wider group as an estimated general consideration (Weber 2004PP23-46). Akins has captured the issue of substance abuse among Hispanics immigrants living in America. He draws from a research conducted by the Oregon State University that had surveyed a total of 6,714 adults who were living in Washington of which 1,690 of them turned out to be immigrant Hispanics. He contributes to the significance of the paper by raising points that he concluded from the research conducted.He found out that the immigrants were in large numbers taking up the habits they found with the white Americans to the plight of their own cultural practices. He has reported on a number of studies conducted in areas where there were great Hispanic concentrations like Florida, the Southwest and California. He found out that the Hispanics had a reduced chance of experiencing civilisation due to their tendencies of clumping together into ethnic communities. But the research yielded that ac husba ndryd Hispanics had a 13 times possibility of doing drugs than their non-accultured counterparts.The train indicated a 6. 4% adulterous drug use among the white communities while the accultured Hispanics had a 7. 2 office use in illicit drugs. At the same time, the research yielded a less than 1% illicit drug use among the non-accultured Hispanics. Akins reported that the general trend within the Hispanic communities was a commitment to the family and fanaticism towards use of alcohol and drugs. The drug using accultured Hispanics emulated the patterns of the white drug users.Some of the findings of the research revealed that accultured Hispanics had a echo tendency to binge and thrice as likely to drink continuously for days without sobering up. Frazier et al. 2006 has pore on the academics of the Hispanics living in America. He associates the massive concentrations of Hispanics found in the lowest levels of jobs in America to insufficiency of education and their challenged u se of the English language. Recent immigrants usually have little formal education and the poorest command of English which puts them at the greatest disadvantage in acquisition of well paid jobs.This line of work also trickles down to their children who limited in their upward social mobility. Frazier explains that many Hispanics face problems completing high school which leaves them without the necessary skills to compete for high paying jobs seeing that the United States economy is driven by technology and information. The book shows how immigrant student Hispanics and the American born Hispanics have a less likelihood of graduating from high school than their non-Hispanic counterparts.A relationship between the improvements of the academic standards with the Hispanics success in the job market has been smitten in this book and serves to create one of the dynamics within the paper that explains the predicament of the Hispanics in the United States. A paper on high school gradu ation rates conducted in the United States approximated the percentage of high school completion among the Hispanics as the lowest at 33. 8% (Frazier et al. 2006p218-233). The overall approach with the referencing has been the manipulation of a very recent time period for the studies conducted.Most of the information contained within the reference real has utilized very recent experiences of the Hispanics within the American society. Kenneth and Licther for example have limited the time period for their study between the years 2000 to 2007. Denlinger sought to focus on the year 1999 and other recent years the author who has drawn his ideas from a long time period appears to be Weber who has drawn on the experiences of the Hispanics in the 1980s all the way to the year 2000.Even then, most of the authors have drawn their conclusions on the historical experiences of the Hispanics from their very beginnings in migrating to the America and settling there either as illegal immigrants o r as American citizens by virtue of the natural birth that immediately confers American citizenry to the people born within America. The theoretical understanding of the Hispanics has been drawn from previous studies conducted by the authors e. g. Akins based his study on a research that was conducted by the Oregon state University.Other authors based their ideas on the researches that they themselves conducted among the Hispanics in America. much(prenominal) authors include Denlinger. Scholarly journals and academic materials have also formed sources of information for the authors of the references I have used. The findings of this study reflect a symbolic interactionist approach since it reflects the individuals in this case the Hispanics as social products of the society from which they come from. The Hispanics for example have had problems with attaining good jobs because they do not have the academic skills required for competing for well paying jobs.This is a direct result of the kind of life they lead which is dictated by the financial challenges they face within the society. Conclusion The Hispanics who live in America are quite challenged especially due to their lack of an education that has helped to elevate the social standing of the people living within the United States. Though they have been faced by a predicament whose magnitude they bear, it is also apparent that they affect the whole of the American society since their presence in large numbers through immigration or high fertility rate happen to pressure the social amenities and other facilities e. g. the health facilities that are already in place. It has been feared that they might course a population proliferation if their current fertility trends persist and attract great competition for the good jobs that the American born population currently enjoy.Even then there is need to deterrent on the positive side of the presence of the Hispanics within the American territory for example, the y have enriched the American culture through the addition of their cultural beliefs and practices. At the same time, they have involved themselves with the low ranking jobs which the Americans loath.This way they assist with the growth of the economy. References Akins, J. & Arrighi, B. (2007) Hispanics in America Today?. Oxford University Press P101 Denlinger, K. (2005) Hispanics in America The resting monster wakens?. sharp-witted publishers p45, 52-60, 73 Frazier, J. , Margai, F & Tettey, F. (2006) Race and position justice issues in urban America. Sage pub pp218-233? Kenneth, M. J. & Licther, T. D. (2007) Hispanics and the future day of America?. McGraw hill publishers. pp32-47 Weber, D. (2004) The Spanish border in North America?. Macmillan publishers PP23-46

Cultural object Essay

The object glassive lens is an illustration present in a rectangle paper. The paper itself is glossy, thin and fine meshed. In the object, the delivery SUPERMAN feces be effectuate illustrated at the top of the paper in a block, all caps font, colored yellow with red lining. Below it and slightly to the objurgate can be found the words SUPERMAN ON EARTH set in yellow all caps block font. At the center of the rectangular paper is a d expansivetion of a male Caucasian garbed in a blue colored fitting suit, with a red triangular cloth coering the privates and a red cape flowing from the shoulders.Situated at the center of the hu whilekinds breast is a emblem, an S painted in red inside a red depict pentagon modify with yellow. The illustration of the male Caucasian is seen standing(a) over a depiction of the horizon of the world. On the left wing side of the male is an illustration of an explosion, with rocks being scattered. At the center of the explosion is an illustratio n of an elderly man and a woman garbed in a grey suit. The elderly man has the same symbol on his chest as that of the male in the center, although the elder mans symbol is outlined in black.To the right of the male Caucasian in the center is a depiction of a esthesis, sentinel black-and-blue in color, with spires arising from the four primary and four secondary directions. The background is set in a black sky dotted by stars. A circular emblem colored blue and white and containing four stars set around the letters DC can be found on the hurrying left corner. Slightly below it is the words No. 1, whitethorn 02 inside a yellow star like object.From the treatment of the paper to make it glossy, it is probable that this superman figure is of some importance to their (American) finishing. The words Superman on Earth denotes his origin as extraterrestrial, as seen when accounting for the stellar background. The couple to his right is probably his p bents since the elder man has the same symbol emblazoned on his chest. Deriving meaning from the name, superman agent a man above the rest or a man better than the rest, giving a clue that the man is no ordinary human and whitethorn be imbued with special forces.His bearing whilst sanding over the world is more of as a guardian that as a creator giving a hint that as someone with sinful powers, he may comport used those powers to guide or guard the world. In considering all of this, the figure could be a mythical hero of their enculturation whose exploits are recorded or told in a series of manuscripts using detailed illustrations and words to convey the story. The no1, May 02 may refer to the date this illustration was created or do available. Biological circumstance of the Object philanthropys interest in mythical heroes can be seen throughout history. These heroes usually have above average traits that set them apart from the normal persons of the times. This drive can be a result of macrocosms recogni tion of evolution and the principle that those with particular traits like incredible strength or ruggedness survived much longer and are better equipped to accomplish more than their ordinary counterparts. This veneration for those with extraordinary powers probably arose upon mans recognition of his own physical limitations.When compared upon his prey, animals, man saw that there are some traits that would be useful. Flight in birds, speed in cheetahs, strength in bears, endurance of mammoths, and these traits made man wish that they had them. These wishes translated to mythical accounts of what it would be like to have those kinds of powers, accounts that are now sensed as myths and legends. Humans are the altogether species to be found adequate to(p) of abstract thought. This allows us to manipulate resources in order to derive enjoyment. Literature, arts, these things enable us to derive enjoyment from our current order of magnitude.Throughout history, civilizations have t ried, afterwards realizing their basic needs, to indulge in pleasure. Curiosity in man has similarly led to advancement. Myths and legends are byproducts of mans head as to the nature of the world and philosophy as to the nature of the self. The object is a product of mans persistent question, what if? Cultural/historical context Depictions of individual with powers greater than that of mortal men can be found throughout history, in various coatings. These can be found in depictions of spectral beings with extraordinary powers.Usually, myths stem from established cultures whose basic needs like food, shelter and security are ensured. It is consequently that the society turns to explaining the world around them. These are the foundation of first the creation myths, found in the wonderful of Gilgamesh, Greek, Babylonian and Nordic myths, as fountainhead as the Bible. Levi Strauss argues that myths stem from peoples intellectual inquiry, from the passion to explain self, surro undings and society. Various cultures around the world have provided objects by which beings with powers are depicted.These includes clay tablets where the epic of Gilgamesh is written,, the bible, ceramics depicting Hercules, Aztec pottery depicting Quetzalcoatl, among otherwises. In these, it is evident that the heroic figures play a much authorised role to society than merely stories. Myths are closely tied with religion, as with the Norse, The Babylonians, the Greeks and the Romans. The concept of myths in other(a) civilizations is most often a contriveion on the prevalent culture, society, politics and beliefs of the people. Not all heroic stories stem from myths however.Most often, heroes in clanlore have also superhuman powers. And most often, the stories portray the hero not honest in one setting or one plot. Instead multiple stories abound, yet the takeoff rocket remains the same. This is evident in Beowulf, the labors of Hercules and in American folklore, Pecos Bill and Paul Bunyan. In American culture, folk heroes usually offer a glimpse of the culture of the times. The spectacular deeds of Pecos Bill and Paul Bunyan reflect upon what was considered the ideal American of those times, strong rugged, humorous and witty.They reflect a culture that is wild, that sees itself as being capable of great things. Looking at the object, we see that it dedicates a hint on the culture. From the object itself, one may deduce that the protagonist, Superman, was not of this Earth ( the stellar background, Earths view from a length survey and the phrase Superman on Earth). The belief in an extraterrestrial coming to earth is not hidden of in world cultures. The Mayans, Aztec, and Egyptians all had beliefs in extraterrestrial life. This belief could be give tongue to to stem from a sense of terrestrial achievement.A sense that the culture is at its peak and that progress or expiry comes not from itself or from other cultures nevertheless from extraterre strial sources. The object can be perceived as a story telling device of a mythical hero, not unlike clay tablets or parchment. This may be for amusement or inspiration. However, the use of art and words as means of expression, just like that of Egyptian pictograms and hieroglyphics shows that the object is intended for a wide audience based those who can intellectually understand as well as those who can appreciate the aesthetic cling to of the story.In standing over the world, it may be seen that their culture not only(prenominal) values their nations advancement, but may also see themselves as responsible for the welfare of other cultures, much like the Roman, Iranian and Muslim empires. This may again stem from a sense of cultural supremacy, as well as from advancement in the various aspects of civilization. Much like oral tradition was used in the past, and afterwards on the written word, for storytelling, so this object may be the means of telling the stories of this cultu re.Its use of graphics provides a starting point by which the imagination, conjured up by words, can take off into the region of the supernatural. Just like myths and folklore of the past, the object provides a reflection not only on different aspects of the culture but also on its intended destination for the future. Economic Context Looking at the object, it really has no material value in the simplistic context. It is not edible, is not made of precious metals or gems, nor can it be used as a weapon.A society that produces these kinds of objects with only their aesthetic value and meaning and not that of necessity has presumably moved past the barter remains of trade where only goods of necessity has any value. The object then can be either religious or blue in origin. The object could be religious as a representation of a believed and worshipped deity or secular as a means of entertainment. In observing the material by which the object is imprinted upon, the use of a higher quality paper denotes a higher value for the object, as well as the apparent detail in its production.Only a society with an advanced economic system is capable of allocating so much resource into a single representation, more so that the object is presumably for entertainment purposes. Most cultures that give priority to the arts are those whose economies are capable of allocating value to something that does not satisfy mans basic needs but its wants. These civilizations, like that of the Italian Renaissance, the Aztec civilization, Egypt and Rome, use in writing(p) representation to please a society satisfied with life. The same could be said of the economy and society that produced this object.It could be deduced that economically and socially, a majority of those living in the culture whence the object came from have their basic needs, food, water, shelter and security satisfied. Hence, they can allocate more in the pursuit of entertainment, education and other abstract needs. It could be seen that the culture is first technically advanced, and second, is economically capable of obtaining materials for production. First, the paper in which the object consists of is glossy, not easily tearable, and water resistant and fine wired.This could only be a result of technological processing. The colors used in the paper can only come from pigments. In various cultures, it is only those with advanced economies which could lead to the middle and lower classes, and small objects, being painted with such detail. Ecological Context Ecology has at its maxim that the strongest population has the greater chance of passing on its traits to its off springs and consequently enduring. The stronger population can secure resources, protect against attacks and obtain more space. Thus, rooted in ecology is the longing to be above others.In a sense, the appearance of a Superman would signify complete ecologic dominance. That a culture would idealize a concept like this signif ies that that culture, in terms of ecological population, has secured food, space and security from other neighboring populations. That the logical next step for this culture would be provided by an outside, or extraterrestrial source since all terrestrial aspects can be deemed fulfilled. The materials of which the object is composed of also give a clue that the civilization it belongs to is capable of producing synthetic material.Production of synthetic material is primarily a result of two things, scarcity of natural resources, or economic superiority by which materials can be obtained without touching ones natural resources. Summary/Closure The object can be said to be a means of entertainment and storytelling. It portrays a being with superhuman powers coming into Earth and protect it. This object is a result of and shows different anthropological aspects of the culture that produced it. Biologically, the object can be perceived as the product of mans desire to improve himself, and also his awareness of his limitations.The object also shows mans capabilities throughout history to utilize its abstract thought to derive pleasure and ideas from the surroundings. homos innate curiosity has lead to the production of myths, featuring beings with supernatural powers, which serve as both answers regarding questions about(predicate) the natural world and representations of the civilization itself. Throughout history myths have propagated, portraying the general psyche of a civilization. Methods of passing stories from one person to another includes oral, which became written, which as evidenced by this object became a combination of both.The depiction of men with supernatural powers have in history, generally been a representation of the strength and power of a civilization. The depictions of heroes that are larger than life exhibit a cultures greatness. The wide dust indulgence of this can only come if all basic needs of the people within the culture are satis fied. Then the culture can indulge in other fields. The object signifies that in the culture that produced it, the basic needs are supplied, that help will come from others, not from other nations.The use of this object means that the society is willing and capable of allocating resources to personal entertainment. By looking at the object, one may be able to make deductions regarding its use and the culture that produced it. However, these deductions may or may not intromit true, and requires much more evidence to be able to get a thorough knowledge of the culture. REFERENCES Harris, M. Culture. People, character An Introduction to General Anthropology. New York Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1975. Keesing, Roger M. Cultural Anthropology. Sidney Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1976.

Trends in Maritime Transport and Port Development in the Context of World Trade

Trends in Maritime Trans expression and behavior Development in the Context of military personnel Trade Carlos M. G every last(predicate)egos 1. Structural changes in inter topic make out and the evolution of maritime enamor remove a direct impact on mien festering and involution. Therefore, these elements and their recent characteristics must be examined, since they provide the frame of reference in which air reform in Latin the States and the Caribbean has been carried out. These factors to a fault determine future port wine teaching. A. Globalization, w atomic number 18ion, batch, and ports 2.Globalization, or the expansion of markets and hence of the scotch prospects of societies, is taking place not single beca drug abuse of the supra-national nature of markets, exclusively in any case because of the menstruate of foreign investment and the strategies of multinational enterp elevators. These multinationals today broadsheet for two-thirds of global exports of goods and benefits and nearly 10% of home(prenominal) sales existencewide. 3. In this environment of increasing interdependence in the instauration, the international division of labor is ever-changing as a result of structural changes in spate and unprecedented mobility of international capital.However, while the desegregation of goods and services and capital is progressing at a rapid pace, integration of the labor market is much s secondaryer. In addition, ever to a greater extent sophisticated technologies are being disseminated, in a framework of spectacular streamlining in communications and telecommunications. The development of information engineering science has, in turn, boosted productivity and, in many cases, worker income. In general, electronic transactions and communications technology overhear been the necessary complement to full internalization and globalization and their major(ip) impact on intersection and world commerce. . In mid-1999, developing c ountries began to rec everyplace from the 1997-1998 financial crisis in Asia, which had a severe impact on countries in Latin the States. This recovery was spurred on in grouchy by developing in domestic demand in the United States and separate developed countries, low interest rates, and the Asian recovery. As a result, over all told return in gross domestic product (GDP) rose 3% ( analogous to growth in the developed countries). Countries are now back on the pathway to growth they embarked upon in 1993 that was interrupted in 1998. The global economy is projected to grow 3. % in 2000 ( just only 3% in the developed countries). 5. In 1999, Latin America and the Caribbean recorded the worst scotch indicators of the decade, collectable primarily to downturns in the Argentine and Brazilian economies. The region went into a recession (a fall asleep on fair of 0. 6% in GDP). The regions estimated growth rate for 2000 is nearly 4%, spurred on peculiarly by sustained growth in recent months in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. 6. The global economic recovery in the second half of 1999 was also reflected in the upturn in world plow. World commodity exports in 1999 were quantifyd at US$5. 6 billion up 3. 5% from the foregoing year when a negative rate of 1. 6% was posted. Export slew also grew, however at a similar rate to the previous years growth of 4. 5% and for the third consecutive year, the average wrong of commodities fell (excluding oil). 7. World raft in services rose 2% in 1999, after get years sluggishness, with exported services treasured at US$1. 3 billion, and there was a quiet rise in the international price of those services. 8. The regions of the world and the individual countries responded with quite varied demand and growth in their product in 1999.The situation in Latin America and the Caribbean was rather unique. 9. With the 1999 recession, the slew of Latin Ameri evict and Caribbean imports fell 2% on average. Howe ver, performance in the region varied greatly by country. Imports rose 15% in Mexico, but fell 12% in the rest of the region. Similarly, the regions exports grew 7% in 1999, but in Mexico the figure was or so double (13. 7%). We should recall that al virtually 90% of Mexicos exports (85% of which are manufactured goods) are to the US market, compared to 30% of exports from the rest of Latin America (40% of which are manufactured goods). 0. Intra-regional trade was also affected and fell considerably. The MERCOSUR countries experienced a downturn of 25% and the countries in the Andean Community, 28%. 11. Regarding the importation of services, the slowdown that began in 1998 persisted, and in 1999 there was a 9% drop on average (a 9% increase in Mexico, but a 13% drop in the remaining countries). 12. The outlook for the volume of world trade in 2000 is better it is anticipate to rise 6. 5%, which is high than the average increase in world production.Trade indicators are expected to improve in Latin America and the Caribbean, because of higher oil prices, increased investment in the region, better commodity prices and, especially, a major recovery in exports in general. 13. Foreign trade has gained extraordinary strength and importance in the development strategies for the Latin American and Caribbean economies. Its expansion and growth is the engine of their economic growth. This is expected to continue, and whats more(prenominal) the export structure is expected to be geared towards manufactured goods with high value added.Since nearly 90% of trade in this region is shipped by sea, port development is of the ut close to important. B. Characteristics of maritime expect 14. downstairs are some of the characteristics of maritime trade traffic for containers, liquid and dry bulk cargo, and tourism (US$3. 5 billion). 15. Despite the changing, adverse conditions in production and world trade mentioned above, maneuver of maritime trade move to grow in 1999, bu t only by 1. 3% a slower rate than in previous years (2. 2% in 1998 and 4. 1% in 1997). This was the lowest level recorded since 1987.The volume of world trade transported on the seas was over 5. 1 billion tons, a similar figure to the previous year. Growth estimates for 2000 are roughly 4%, similar to 1997. 16. Containers. Use of containers has been on the rise since their introduction in 1956, and this market has the best growth outlook in the empyrean. As a result, high-capacity ships take in been built today more than 60 have a capacity over 5,000 20-foot equivalent units (TEUs). Container traffic was an estimated 190 cardinal TEUs in 1999 of that amount the expression of Singapore moved 15. million TEUs. Studies forecast 6% one-year growth in container traffic through with(predicate) 2005, as a result of continued expansion of the use of containers by the shipping industry in developing countries increased trade in manufactured goods and products with a higher value adde d the trend towards globalization by multinational manufacturers and growth of megaships and the resulting rise in lamer and bring traffic. 17. Liquid cargo. A total of 2. 159 million tons of liquid cargo was loaded in 1999, with an annual rate of change of less than 1. 3%.Oil continues to be the main component, accounting for nearly 70% (roughly 1. 5 billion tons annually), followed by liquid gas and petrochemicals. Double-hull 300,000 ton supertankers are used the most to transport crude oil between its main axes, i. e. Asia, the United States, and Europe. 18. Dry bulk cargo. Maritime transport of trade in dry bulk cargo implys most notably iron ore, coal, grain, bauxite/aluminium oxide, and phosphates. In 1999, together they represented 1. 233 million tons with an annual rate of change of 2. 8% 70,000-ton bulk carriers are also important in this type of traffic.Many shipping companies build panamax ships to measure with put outs to load and unload bulk cargo, which reduces t ransport costs. Bulk cargo is still the largest segment of maritime transport, representing almost one fourth of total load loaded annually. 19. Tourism. The cruise ship industry had grown and received massive investments in recent years. It is estimated that over 7 million persons lead take a cruise this year, a similar figure to populate year, and the American market is the main consumer. Recently, high-tonnage ships have been built, such(prenominal) as the Royal Caribbean Voyager of the Seas, at 130,000 tons with he capacity to hold 3,115 passengers, inaugurated last November, and the Royal Caribbean Explorer of the Seas, which has the same characteristics and began service in October 2000. Regionally, the recipient markets are most notably the Caribbean and the radical-fashioned market in the Southern Cone. Ports are competing to attract these passenger ships and confront the challenge of having the appropriate port infrastructure in place, as hale as the complementary se rvice facilities that passengers require, such as taxis, buses, guides, and shopping centers. This is certainly a growing market in every respect, but a very competitive, capital-intensive one.C. The shipping industry characteristics and prospects 20. The main shipping lines in the world, such as Maersk Sealand, Evergreen, P&O Nedlloyd, Hanjin, Cosco, and many others serve the most complex, profitable routes in the world, including some in Latin America and the Caribbean. 21. The 25 most powerful shipping lines control almost 60% of container transport capacity in world trade. In addition to growing concentration of container activity in the hands of the largest, most powerful shipping lines, there is an unrelenting process of consolidation and the forging of alliances among the main shipping lines.In other words, they are growing larger every day, but have also decided to work together. The two most powerful alliances that were recently renewed are the Great Alliance (among NYK, H apag Lloyd of Germany, the Anglo-Dutch company P&O Nedlloyd, steer Overseas Container Lines (OOCL) of China, and the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC)) and the New World Alliance (among Mitsui OSK Lines (MOL) of Japan, APL/Neptuno Orient Lines (NOL) of Malaysia, and Hundai Merchant shipboard soldier (HMM) of Korea) which have focused primarily on reorganizing the main trade routes.The sphere of action of these alliances is broader, involving a global strategy and ground services. This raises questions about the ability of certain container port terminals to survive and particularly about whether or not the conditions for perfect competition are present in these markets. 22. Another characteristic of this industry is the production and servicing of mega container vessels. The number and size of postpanamax container vessels leave behind continue to grow, which entrust increase the transport of containers, reduce pelf in the main routes, and therefore increase the services of f eeder ships.Ship capacity provide continue to rise, and ports lead have to adjust to their size. In 1999, over 120 postpanamax ships were operating. Maersk has ships that can transport nearly 7,000 TEUs (K and S classes) and 8,000-TEU ships are due out soon. Germanischer Lloyd is planning to operate a mega container ship of 15,000 TEUs by 2010, when the volume of container trade is expected to be double the current figure (roughly 200 million TEUs). The ship would cover the East-West route and feed ships of 4,000 and 5,000 TEUs.This would reduce the number of port cases, but requires ports with enormous capacity. 23. Changes in container terminal operators. With the expansion of the container industry, the structure and physical composition of terminal operations have changed. Today there are three categories of container terminal operators (i) port administration that have decided to become directly involved in handling containers, such as the everyday ports of Singapore and the Virginia Port Authority or the confidential ports of Felixtowe or Freeport.However, this category has been on the decline with the branch of port corporations (ii) private port terminal operating companies involved in a process of concentration, including stevedoring. The 15 main operators have expanded their activities outside of their ports of origin, associating themselves with large stevedoring groups (e. g. PSA Corporation, Hutchinson, ECT, P&O Ports, and SSA) and (iii) the shipping lines that have decided to control and manage their own container terminals. This decision was made for two main reasons.The first was for strategical reasons, because these global transporters are involved in hub and transshipment ports and therefore need to control their operations, including docking priority and guaranteed approachability of equipment for use. The second was to reduce costs, i. e. for savings, based on economies of scale and better control of terminal expenses. 24. The pr ovision of port-to-port logistic services. As shipping lines (e. g. Maersk Logistics, Evergreen American Corporation) participate in ogistical service solutions, they absorb them or devise associations with these intermodal service providers to consider consistent, regular service, meeting the clients demands through the port-to-port supply chain. This range of logistical services, which includes the consolidation of containers, documentation services, and repositing and distribution, get out continue to expand and improve every day and will have a greater impact on reducing costs and enhancing ability. 25. Information and communications technology and electronic commerce.Port services will step up their use of computerized systems and information technology, such as the electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system and the Internet. The increase in transport capacity will require adjacent data on the exact location and status of cargo, as well as on all logistical and institution al aspects of port operations. In light of these requirements, all port and shipping industry sectors will continue to invest in new systems and channels of communication.The industry will be moving towards a paperless world in which all types of information are handled electronically. 26. Use of the Internet for electronic commerce is also important. That industry has shown impressive growth of 68% in the last year. This mode of commerce is affecting how the transport industry does business, and theories abound regarding its impact on the maritime port industry. Internet commerce was one of the topics discussed at the WTO negotiations, and the issue of taxes on e-commerce is still under study. 27.These characteristics and trends in the shipping industry are the result of the development of the world economy and globalization, resulting in demand for new standards of efficiency for maritime transport and creating new challenges for the worlds ports. D. Economic reforms and trade cha llenges for ports in the region 28. Macroeconomic reforms. The region has undertaken a series of macroeconomic reforms that prioritize export promotion, putting aside import substitution, which has been considered detrimental since the 1970s. 29.Important responsibility reforms have been adopted that include marked drops in tariffs on finished products, and even lower levels for inputs for exportation the adoption of fewer tariff tiers, with a single flat tariff and the establishment of a positive, effective protection mechanism. This supercharges the generation of value added, instead of punishing it. In terms of exchange rates, the various fixed exchange rates were eliminated, which were unequivocal and ignored market criteria. Real exchange rates govern currency exchange today.Tax reform has also been tackled, but not with the necessary vigor. Domestic taxes on income, assets, use, or value added are now impart more to national public treasuries, replacing taxes on foreign tr ade as the main extension of revenue. There is still a long road ahead for tax reform in most countries. Attracting foreign capital is another important element on the list of reforms that have sped up the growth of our economies, by helping external resources to complement low domestic savings and finance projects in new productive sectors.State reforms complete the picture they are an effort to redirect state leadership in the economic development process, where the state goes from being a major player, monopolist, and executor of economic activity to playing the role of a regulatory, control body that works with the private sector. State reforms also include the privatization of public agencies (ports have been in the forefront here) and other public institutions, such as customs. 30. Almost all governments in the region have made a major effort to move forward with economic liberalization, trade opening, and export promotion, allowing for major growth in the 1990s.Nonetheless t he imbalance in wealth distribution, the inability of large segments of the population to overcome organic poverty, and the still weak reforms of institutions and some branches of government are disturbing, destabilizing elements that are reflected in the serious economic disquietude that many countries in the region are experiencing today. 31. FTAA 2005. The heads of government of the Hemisphere agreed at the Summits of Miami (1994) and Santiago (1998) to promote the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), in order to form a broad market stretching from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego that would be the largest international consumer arket, with 800 million inhabitants. Negotiations on customs rebates are geared towards complying with this date, and this mechanism is expected to well increase inter-American trade, thus intensifying the flow of hemispheric port traffic. 32. European Union. The policy of strengthening trade relations, particularly between South America and Europe, has been gaining major momentum for example, trade negotiations with MERCOSUR are being promoted. early(a) plans, such as the free trade agreement between Mexico and Europe, confirm the trend towards increased trade between these two regions in the medium term. 33.Subregional integration systems. Another factor that has accelerated the flow of trade is the existence of several subregional integration systems, such as the Andean Community of Nations (CAN), MERCOSUR, the Central American roughhewn Market (CACM), or the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). They must speed up subregional trade, but must also yield the formation of the FTAA and facilitate the standardization of different trade policies. All of this will translate into increased movement in maritime and hemispheric port traffic. It is noteworthy that, at the Andean level, over 50% of commodities were shipped by sea in 1999. 4. Strengthening international trade negotiations. The World Trade Organization (WTO) tried unsuccessfully to promote a new round of trade negotiations at its Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle in November 1999. The proposed work program for the next five years consisted in negotiations on liberalizing trade in agricultural products, services, food security, electronic commerce, and other topics. Even though the differences of the developing and developed countries could not be bridged, important progress was made, indicating that a new round could be launched soon.The developed and developing countries also gave slip away signs of their intent to continue with a policy of trade opening and economic liberalization, and there are no signs of a rebirth of protectionism. These indicators strengthen the foundation for the future growth and expansion of world trade. 35. Customs facilitating trade. Similarly, the World Customs Organization (WCO) is making progress in technical areas that facilitate trade, which favors the expansion of world trade in the short and medium terms.Significan t progress has been made towards adopting rewrite standards on the origin of traded goods the new and revised version of the Convention on Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Kyoto Convention) standards for applying the Code to assess the value of goods in customs according to transaction value criteria the ongoing amendments under the Harmonized Commodity comment and Coding System and the application of new information and communications technology.All these customs instruments are essential complements for facilitating and expanding trade in our countries. E. Port actions for port development 36. Port reforms. The port sector in the region has exhibited change, but in different ways and to different degrees in each country. Generally speaking, the sector has been regulated and national port policies set, which in many cases had been absent. State monopolies in port operation and administration have been revised, by either totally or partially decentralizing p ort activity to local governments and/or administering the private sector concessions.Labor constraints have been overcome, and port authorities have therefore been playing a different role. This new environment is reflected in the revision of port tariffs, seeking to develop a more efficient, more fictile port system that is swifter, safer, and cheaper. The experts attending this event will more clearly and objectively illustrate how port systems operate in different countries in the Hemisphere. 37.I would like to reaffirm that, port reforms must be sped up for greater port efficiency and competitiveness, particularly in countries that have not yet done so, heedless of the ownership model the governments decide to adopt, since international trade will not wait, and the countries growth and development can not be put off because of undefined policy. Delaying this reform will only result in higher social costs in the medium term. While it is important to define a port system be i t public, private, or a combination of the two it is essential to have the means and facilities or achieving levels of efficiency to be able to adapt to the requirements of world trade and compete successfully. Landlord ports are the most parkland arrangements in the region. That is where port authorities cease to serve as port operator, provide the necessary infrastructure, and grant concessions to the private sector to operate complementary services and terminals. Generally, in this situation, the central government grants financing to the sector, such as direct subsidies and credit guarantees. In general, this model promotes higher-quality service delivery. 38.The impact of ports on promoting national economic development. This is another consideration that I would like to reiterate, with a few examples of what is being done in other developing countries that have made progress in port reform. These countries have concessionaires and private terminal operators and have been adve rsely affected by the various financial crises. Their development strategy also depends heavily on exports. However, strategic development plans and specific recommendations are in place to strengthen the role of the port sector to ensure significant recovery of the national economy.They include (i) operators reviewing their operating costs to eliminate unnecessary expenditures (ii) enhancing the efficiency and productivity of port operations, particularly by shortening the time needed for container movement by crane or using more cranes for ships with higher cargo volume and employing information and communications technology in daily operations, bearing in mind the growing volume of cargo being moved and the jibe volume of communications that must be executed (iii) conducting more aggressive marketing campaigns to raise the volume of cargo sent directly from the countrys ports to its final destination (iv) implementing infrastructure projects aimed at elevation port capacity in the medium term (v) conducting equipment and port facility maintenance campaigns to continue to ensure efficient operations and (vi) continually revising the role of port authorities to cover changes in the market. In light of these reforms, their role is focused on planning and regulating port activity, facilitating the transport chain, controlling and superintend the activities of private enterprises by developing information systems, and promoting and working with the port community and foreign and international institutions. 39.Take into account trends and developments in the maritime industry and port operators in order to adjust port development strategies to the world challenges of this century. (i) Global port operators will continue to expand to new geographic areas and will maximize the use of technology to create worldwide port networks that can offer consistent levels of services and modes of operation. More alliances will be forged among port terminal operators to prom ote economies of scale and use of global capacity. (ii) Since capital investments will be high, only the most powerful enterprises with significant financial resources will remain in these alliances. iii) Port facilities will acquire new and better standards and advanced technology in order to serve mega ships. (iv) Container storage capacity must be improved through new systems and new facility designs. (v) There will be significant investment in communications and information technology for a world beat electronically. 40. Finally, partnership for development. This mechanism will be crucial for the future of regional port activity, given the urgent need for information exchanges for decision-making in port operations on shipping companies and port operators, as well as on producing projects to be implemented jointly and meeting market requirements in general. Bilateral and bipartite cooperation must increase.The Organization of American States (OAS) has an Inter-American Commit tee on Ports (CIP) which serves as a forum for dialogue for the governments of all countries in the Americas and the port authorities, but also for port operators, shipping lines, and commercial, industrial, financial, academic, and scientific entities. Use of this mechanism is an effective, affordable option for strengthening hemispheric cooperation among ports in the Americas and contributing to their development. Port forums, such as those offered by the Andean Committee of Water Transport Authorities (CAATA) and the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), among others, work along the same lines for cooperation and to achieve port efficiency, which our government authorities must use to the fullest. 41. Conclusion. Ladies and gentlemen, my goal has been to provide you with up-to-date information on the ever-changing world of ports.What we are seeing in the worlds ports today we could never have envisioned 25 years ago, like 8,000-TEU megaships or ports with great capacity to mov e containers, such as the Port of Hong Kong with 16. 2 million TEUs per year. However, we often consider 25-year blocks in long-term investments in the maritime port industry. Changes in the industry in the next quarter of a century will be even more dizzying and spectacular, and our ports will have to adapt. 42. In this globalized world and in our corner of the world where 90% of our trade goes through ports, it is the responsibility of the governments, operators, shipping companies, service providers, and workers to work together to support the development of both our ports and our economies. Lets forge an efficient, competitive inter-American alliance for the future of our ports CIP00106E